ABSTRACT
Introducción: La resistencia bacteriana amenaza la efectividad de todos los antibióticos disponibles en la actualidad. Como parte de las acciones para mejora del uso de antimicrobianos, la lectura interpretada del antibiograma surge como una herramienta clave en la optimización del uso de antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Exponer las ideas fundamentales tras la lectura interpretada del antibiograma, orientadas hacia los médicos de asistencia clínica de centros que solo dispongan de microbiología básica en sus laboratorios. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos MEDLINE de información biomédica a través del motor PubMed, además del Google Académico. Para artículos publicados en revistas cubanas, se revisó la biblioteca virtual electrónica ScIELO. Resultados: Se describe el enfoque de la lectura interpretada del antibiograma en dos grupos de bacterias: los cocos Gram positivos y los bacilos Gram negativos, con énfasis en aquellos resultados que se pueden obtener con los recursos disponibles en la mayoría de los laboratorios en el país. Se señalan además los casos en que es de extrema importancia la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria para la obtención de resultados satisfactorios respecto a la evolución del paciente. Son mencionadas adicionalmente algunas alternativas terapéuticas para gérmenes multirresistentes. Conclusiones: Convertir la lectura interpretada del antibiograma en un acto cotidiano es una necesidad impostergable, que requiere además de los conocimientos básicos, una estrecha interrelación entre el clínico y el laboratorio de microbiología y la disponibilidad de recursos mínimos, como los discos de antibióticos marcadores(AU)
Introduction: Bacterial resistance threatens the effectiveness of all available antibiotics at present. Interpretive reading of the antibiogram emerges as a key element for an optimal use of these unique drugs as part of the actions for the improvement of antimicrobial use. Objective: To present basic ideas directed to attending physicians from centers with basic microbiology resources at their disposal, after an interpretive reading of the antibiogram. Material and Methods: A systematic search on MEDLINE database was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. A search on the Scientific Electronic Virtual Library Online - SciELO was used for the articles published in Cuban magazines. Results: The review is focused mainly to two groups of bacteria: Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli, making an emphasis on the results that can be obtained with the resources, which are available in most laboratories of the country. Cases where the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration is of extreme importance to obtain satisfactory results regarding the patients´ evolution are also pointed out. In addition, some therapeutic alternatives for multi-resistant germs are presented. Conclusions: To turn the interpretive reading of the antibiogram into a daily act is an extremely urgent need that requires, besides the basic knowledge, a close relationship between the clinician and the microbiology lab, as well as a group of basic resources such as key antibiotics discs(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Microbiological Techniques/methods , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In recent years, knowledge of bacterial resistance to antimicobials has expanded in important ways. Availability of an increasing number of antibiotics allows more precise individualization of resistance phenotypes and recording susceptibility results as patterns or phenotypes is valuable for both surveillance and patient care. If the patterns of resistance to panels of related antimicrobials are considered the underlying mechanisms can often be inferred. And the inferred mechanisms make the clinician to be advised to use alternative treatment. Interpretation of resistance phenotypes is based on the comparison of clinical isolates with prototype susceptible bacteria belonging to the same species. But interpretative reading of antimicrobial susceptibility tests requires an immense knowledge of antibiotics. Such interpretative reading is best achieved by computerized expert systems. METHODS: The authors attempt to determine phenotypes for the clinically isolated strains for each class of drugs tested by the Vitek 2 systemTM(bioMerieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France) using the Advanced Expert SystemTM(AES, bioMerieux, Marcy I'Etoile, France). A total of 91, 107, 89, 65, 251, 113, 47, 33, 23, 122 and 110 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus facium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosae and Acinetobacter baumannii, were examined respectively. RESULTS: Biological correction based on the phenotype was recommended from 2.2% of E. faecalis to 46.8% of S. marcescens and therapeutic correction, from 7.3% of A. baumannii to 60.9% of E. aerogenes. A total of 25, 26, 18, 19, 22, 22, 15, 15, 17, 19, 19 phenotypes of S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, E. faecalis, E. facium, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, were detected respectively. Association of resistance mechanism from S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, show 10, 11, 6, 4 and 3 pairs from resistant phenotypes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vitek AES potentially provides a tool to assist the development of antimicrobial susceptibility interpretation in the clinical microbiology laboratory. The inferred mechanisms make the clinician to be advised to use alternative treatment.